Alysa Liu (USA) - Figure Skating, Women's Singles Gold & Team Event Gold
Alysa Liu lives with ADHD and has been open about stepping away from the sport due to burnout before returning with a healthier perspective.
Source
Medium - Olympic champion Alysa Liu has ADHD
Amber Glenn (USA) - Figure Skating, Team Event Gold
Amber Glenn has discussed her experiences with depression, anxiety, ADHD, and recovering from an eating disorder.
Source
Meet The Queer Figure Skating Icon Who Is Revolutionizing The Traditional Sport
Jake Canter (USA) - Snowboarding, Men's Slopestyle Bronze
Jake Canter had a near-fatal trampoline accident at 13 that fractured his skull and caused a traumatic brain injury. He lost hearing permanently in his right ear.
Source
Ten Years After a Near-Death Accident, Team USA Snowboarder Jake Canter Makes the Podium
Florence Brunelle (CAN) - Short Track Speed Skating, Mixed Relay Silver & Women's 3000m Relay Bronze
Florence Brunelle was born with two fingers on her left hand and wears a modified glove for relay exchanges. She also previously stepped away from the sport to protect her mental health before returning for these Games.
Source
Team Canada - Florence Brunelle athlete profile
My thoughts
One thing that jumped out: every athlete on this list is North American. That is almost certainly a limitation of my search, which was primarily in English. Perhaps also, different cultures have different norms around discussing disability and mental health publicly, and I'm sure there are many more athletes with similar stories that I didn't come across.
If you know of others I missed, add them in the comments!